What are the components of the cycle of violence in IPV?

• A. Escalation, de-escalation, stability, resolution
• B. Trigger, attack, apology, reconciliation
• C. Denial, withdrawal, retaliation, relief
• D. Tension-building, incident, reconciliation, and calm period

Answer: (D)

The cycle of violence in IPV is described as a repeating four-stage pattern. First comes tension-building, where stress, anger, and fear rise and minor incidents can trigger a sense that a blowup is imminent. Then the incident occurs, in which abuse—physical, emotional, sexual, or verbal—takes place and causes harm. Afterward comes reconciliation, where the abuser may apologize, promise to change, blame the victim, or minimize the harm. Finally there is a calm period, a temporary lull when the relationship appears normal or affectionate, which can create hope and delay safety actions. This calm phase often shortens as tension rebuilds and the cycle starts again, sometimes escalating in severity with each cycle. Recognizing these stages helps explain why abusive dynamics persist and why safety planning remains essential.